Includes bibliographical references (pages 329-339) and index

Introduction -- I. Before the Biennio Rosso: The deeper roots of the socialist-communist conflict -- The SPD, SFIO, and PSI in the generation before the war -- Trends of the prewar socialist parties -- Prewar socialism in Russia -- The trauma of war -- Lenin and the problem of war -- War's end and the radicalization of western socialist parties -- II. The Russian "Spark" -- Revolution in Russia -- The spread of revolution to Germany -- The failures of revolutionary socialists in Germany -- The Bern conference -- The first congress of the communist international -- Leninism and the first congress of the Comintern -- The PSI and the Comintern -- Comintern policy in 1919 -- III. Between socialist and communist internationals -- The response of the USPD and SFIO to Bolshevik doctrine in early 1919 -- Impasse at Lucerne: The USPD in search of a new international -- The reconstructionist movement -- The Leipzig congress -- November elections in France and Italy -- The advance of the reconstructionist movement -- The Strasbourg congress -- IV. Paths to Moscow -- The USPD opens negotiations: A letter from Moscow -- The SFIO approaches Moscow -- Cracks in the Maximalist majority -- Adjustments in Comintern policy: The extreme left -- Adjustments in Comintern policy: The centrists -- V. In the land of revolution -- The delegates of the SFIO -- The delegates of the USPD -- The delegates of the PSI -- En route to Petrograd -- Moscow -- Cachin and Frossard before the "most redoubtable of tribunals" -- Voyage down Volga -- The later arrival of the USPD delegation -- VI. The second congress of the communist international -- The opening days of the second congress -- Cachin and Frossard opt publicly for the Comintern -- The SFIO and USPD delegates before the committee on conditions -- New pressures from the Bolsheviks -- Serrati versus the Bolsheviks -- The compromise with Cachin and Frossard -- The attack of the extreme left -- The split in the USPD delegation -- Bordiga at the second congress -- VII. The campaign for communism -- Cachin and Frossard return to Paris -- The return of the USPD delegates -- The return of the Italian delegation -- Factory occupations and municipal elections -- The twenty-one conditions in France -- The new factions of the PSI -- Serrati and centrism -- VIII. The split in western socialism -- The Halle congress -- Negotiations at Halle -- The factions of the SFIO -- The congress of Tours -- The congress of Leghorn -- Paul Levi and the Comintern -- Epilogue and conclusions

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